Quantify relative transcript abundance of stress-responsive marker genes in Arabidopsis roots by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), normalized to validated reference genes, to characterize transcriptional responses to a treatment or in a mutant background.
Non-invasively quantify photosystem II photochemical efficiency and non-photochemical quenching in Arabidopsis leaves using pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorometry to assess photosynthetic performance under abiotic stress (e.g., high light, drought, cold).
Quantify primary root elongation rate, lateral root density, and root system architecture of Arabidopsis seedlings grown on vertical agar plates under defined conditions, to compare genotypes or treatments (e.g., hormone, nutrient, or stress).
Transiently express fluorescent-protein-tagged constructs in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermis by Agrobacterium infiltration to determine subcellular localization and to test protein-protein interactions by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC).
Generate stable transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines by introducing a binary T-DNA construct via Agrobacterium tumefaciens floral-dip, and recover primary (T1) transformants by herbicide or antibiotic selection for downstream functional characterization.